The article analyzes the procedure for certifying the identity of the parties, a necessary, efficient, and rapid legal instrument for civil transactions. Used with good faith, rigor, and professionalism, it can provide support for individuals or the business environment. When used contrary to the purpose for which it was created, it can create unnatural problems for both the signatories of the document under private signature and especially fo...

Decision no. 282/2021 of the High Court of Cassation and Justice interpreted with guidance value the inconsistent way of deciding on the legal grounds raised before various courts in support of the actions for exclusion from a company. Regardless of the qualification of the clause regarding the exclusion of associates as primary or secondary or of the admissibility of a judicial procedure to expand or restrict the situations of exclusion from t...