The petroleum industry is inherently transnational. Long‑term contracts, technical standardization and extensive reliance on international arbitration have fueled the doctrinal debate on the existence of lex petrolea as an autonomous legal order. One strand of scholarship, prominently represented by Alfredo De Jesús, reads lex petrolea through the lens of legal pluralism and Santi Romano’s institutional theory, arguing that the “transnational...

The accelerated adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has amplified environmental concerns, particularly due to the high energy and water consumption involved in the development and operation of AI systems. While environmental protection has been increasingly referenced in AI governance through ethical soft law principles, its integration into binding legislation remains insufficient. This article critically examines the extent...

The actions of major actors in humanitarian law are jeopardized by new technologies and personal data protection. Recent developments and trends are assessed from the perspective of international humanitarian law instruments, on the one hand, and international regulations, especially European ones, on the other. The article analyzes potential international effects of the application of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), adopted in t...