The High Court of Cassation and Justice ruled, by Decision no. 191/2025, on the manner in which the employer directly issues a written reprimand for civil servants, in relation to the provisions of art. 493 paragraph (1) and paragraph (3) of the Administrative Code. According to the aforementioned decision, the prior investigation and hearing of the civil servant are mandatory. In this regard, the Constitutional Court also ruled by Decision n...

The legal framework for remedies in public procurement contracts, as regulated by the provisions of Directive 89/665/EEC, can be divided into two distinct categories, contingent upon the temporal juncture at which they are intended to take effect: pre-contractual remedies and post-contractual remedies (post-festum). Interim measures serve as an autonomous remedy whereby the award of a public procurement contract or the decisions of th...

The European model for regulating artificial intelligence (AI), prefigured by the adoption, in 2024, of two founding legal texts – Regulation (EU) of 13 June laying down harmonised rules and, respectively, the Council of Europe Framework Convention of 5 September on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law – and with a clear universal vocation, laid the foundations of artificial intelligence law (AIL) as a new b...

The accelerated adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has amplified environmental concerns, particularly due to the high energy and water consumption involved in the development and operation of AI systems. While environmental protection has been increasingly referenced in AI governance through ethical soft law principles, its integration into binding legislation remains insufficient. This article critically examines the extent...

The new Romanian Forest Code (Law no. 331/2024) introduces a comprehensive legal framework for civil liability concerning forest-related ecological damage. Aimed at countering illegal logging and forest degradation, the legislation enforces both preventive and reparatory mechanisms by holding forest administrators, public authorities, and forest rangers accountable for any damage caused or unreported. It incorporates the „polluter pays” princi...

The paper contrasts real estate investments with the alternative of placements into investment funds, presenting the main investment trends, opportunities and challenges – encountered in the author’s recent attorney practice – in light of the new legal provisions introduced in the field of investment funds. The paper focuses primarily on the implications of extensive legislative changes at the national and European levels that have come into eff...

Top researchers in the field of artificial intelligence, supported by policymakers from the states involved in this EU-level initiative, investigate the damage that advanced artificial intelligence systems could cause, while also analyzing the manner in which the liability of artificial intelligence developers whose models cause or are used to cause large-scale damage can be held. In this context, this study brings back into discussion, start...

The traditional linear economic model (‚extract – produce – consume – consume – dispose’/ ’take – make – waste’) has shaped the economic development for centuries, but its negative impact on the environment and natural resources has become increasingly evident. By intensively exploiting raw materials without adequate conservation or reuse measures, this model has led to an over- exploitation of natural reso...

Early warning is a tool that tells you that you need to act quickly because your business is in difficulty or even in a state of insolvency. The seeds of the state of financial difficulty are clearly and unquestionably found in the way the company carries out its activity and the prevention and collapse of an entity can be anticipated by the signals it gives. As a barometer or in other whistleblower terminology, this early warning method requ...

This paper analyses the scope of the VAT regime from the perspective of abusivepractices that may arise as a result of the application of tax legislation. Since, forthe parties to the main proceedings, the proceedings are, in so far as they areconcerned, a step in the action pending before the referring court, the decisionon costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations tothe Court, ...