The new Romanian Forest Code (Law no. 331/2024) introduces a comprehensive legal framework for civil liability concerning forest-related ecological damage. Aimed at countering illegal logging and forest degradation, the legislation enforces both preventive and reparatory mechanisms by holding forest administrators, public authorities, and forest rangers accountable for any damage caused or unreported. It incorporates the „polluter pays” princi...

The paper contrasts real estate investments with the alternative of placements into investment funds, presenting the main investment trends, opportunities and challenges – encountered in the author’s recent attorney practice – in light of the new legal provisions introduced in the field of investment funds. The paper focuses primarily on the implications of extensive legislative changes at the national and European levels that have come into eff...

Top researchers in the field of artificial intelligence, supported by policymakers from the states involved in this EU-level initiative, investigate the damage that advanced artificial intelligence systems could cause, while also analyzing the manner in which the liability of artificial intelligence developers whose models cause or are used to cause large-scale damage can be held. In this context, this study brings back into discussion, start...

The traditional linear economic model (‚extract – produce – consume – consume – dispose’/ ’take – make – waste’) has shaped the economic development for centuries, but its negative impact on the environment and natural resources has become increasingly evident. By intensively exploiting raw materials without adequate conservation or reuse measures, this model has led to an over- exploitation of natural reso...

Early warning is a tool that tells you that you need to act quickly because your business is in difficulty or even in a state of insolvency. The seeds of the state of financial difficulty are clearly and unquestionably found in the way the company carries out its activity and the prevention and collapse of an entity can be anticipated by the signals it gives. As a barometer or in other whistleblower terminology, this early warning method requ...

This paper analyses the scope of the VAT regime from the perspective of abusivepractices that may arise as a result of the application of tax legislation. Since, forthe parties to the main proceedings, the proceedings are, in so far as they areconcerned, a step in the action pending before the referring court, the decisionon costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations tothe Court, ...

A company’s electricity supply was cut off without notice on the grounds thatit had raised some objections to non-essential clauses in the contract it hadsigned and sent to the supplier. For several months, there was no response to the negotiation proposals and the competent authority to resolve the dispute was not indicated, whose name was not specified in the contract. After almost a year, the supplying company was sued in...

The prevailing ideology of the rules of procedure according to which the court will first rule on the exceptions that make the investigation of the merits of the case unnecessary is that, once the incidence of the exception has been pronounced, the court is stopped from expressing its opinion on the merits of the case, both in the operative part and in the recitals. Through the present study, I sought to highlight that the rules in ques...

By art. 19 of Law no. 6/2021 on establishing measures for the implementationof Council Regulation (EU) 2017/1.939 of 12 October 2017 implementing a form of consolidated cooperation regarding the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office, the Criminal Procedure Code was amended, thus establishing the obligation of the judicial authorities to verify, ex officio, the existence of the grounds that determined the taking or main...

The following study analyzes the constitutive elements and sanctions of theamounts derived from illegal acts as well as the fiscal regime applicable tocontravention fines and the complementary ones applied for such incomes. At the same time, we will analyze the evolution and limits of the two illegal components on the one hand and the fiscal effects and complementary sanctions on the other, given the latest legislative-fiscal chan...