This article examines the challenges of regulating artificial intelligence in contemporary society, drawing a parallel with historical crises of law and faith, particularly those addressed by the seven ecumenical councils (325–787). The author emphasizes the importance of defining terminology, establishing the legal nature of AI tools, and determining liability. By comparing the situation to the myth of Pygmalion, the relationship between cre...

The adoption of Directive (EU) 2024/1203 of 11 April 2024 and the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law of 14 May 2025 marks a paradigm reform in European environmental criminal law: from the model of administrative ancillary to the direct and autonomous protection of the environment as an intrinsic legal good. This Communication analyses the central normative innovations of the two instruments –...

We return to a topic that has been the subject of our previous analyses – the legal meaning of the term „child”. This time, the analysis is extended to the meaning of the term provided for in art. 1 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the existence of an important difference compared to the regulations in Romania is highlighted. We also discuss certain novel aspects related to the meaning of the term child in the regulation of...

This article analyses the impact of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) on the formation, execution and validity of banking contracts. In the context of the accelerated digitalisation of financial services, AI is increasingly used to make automated decisions with significant legal consequences for customers. The study examines the legal implications regarding valid consent, contractual fairness, indirect discrimination and civil liability. ...

From a legal perspective, in principle, parents must exercise their parental rights and responsibilities towards their minor children together and equally. This ensures that each parent, even if separated, plays a crucial role in the child’s life, maintaining a functional relationship with them while also bearing responsibility for the child’s upbringing, education, and development in all aspects. This way, the child is both protected and pre...

In cases derived from the special legislation on minors, the problem of prejudice arises not only when the courts are called to balance the interests of the people involved – primarily the minor, but sometimes particularly important also the parents, grandparents or other persons with whom the child has established personal ties, but also when the courts decide on some eminently material elements, such as court costs. The material brings to at...

The crime of concealing a taxable source involves an activity by which the taxpayer conceals from the competent authorities the taxable or taxable asset or source. In the architecture of the criminalization norm, the taxable or taxable object, from a fiscal point of view, represents an income or asset for which the taxpayer must pay tax obligations. Hiding income represents the action of concealing both the asset and the taxable source...

The article analyzes the effects of Article 431 paragraph (2) of the Civil ProcedureCode, which does not refer to the triple identity specific to the authority of res judicata, so the opposition of the previous res judicata should not be associated with the authority of res judicata. The positive effect of res judicata obliges the subsequent court to consider what the first court has ruled through an irrevocable/definitive decision and t...

References to the „back-to-back” principle are increasingly common in the practice of subcontracting contracts for construction works, being used to describe the rights and obligations that the contractor has under the main contract, and which it transfers to the subcontractor with respect to the parts and elements of the works that are the subject of subcontracting by reference to external clauses contained in the main contract for constructi...

Law no. 554/2004 on administrative litigation, which specificaly regulates thismatter, is supplemented where it does not have provisions derogating from the common law with the civil procedural law (art. 28 of Law no. 554/2004). From the perspective of the appeal that is fi led in the matter of administrative litigation, art. 20 of Law no. 554/2004 expressly provides for the appeal remedy, but this text of the law is interpreted in conj...